I-Laser isho inqubo kanye nethuluzi lokukhiqiza imisebe yokukhanya ehlanganisiwe, e-monochromatic, ehambisanayo ngokukhuliswa kwemisebe evuselelwe kanye nempendulo edingekayo.Ngokuyisisekelo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-laser kudinga izici ezintathu: “i-resonator,” “i-gain medium,” kanye “nomthombo wokumpompa.”
A. Isimiso
Isimo sokunyakaza se-athomu singahlukaniswa ngamaleveli ahlukene wamandla, futhi lapho i-athomu ishintsha isuka ezingeni eliphezulu lamandla iye ezingeni eliphansi lamandla, ikhipha ama-photon wamandla ahambisanayo (okubizwa ngokuthi imisebe ezenzakalelayo).Ngokufanayo, lapho i-photon isigameko ohlelweni lwezinga lamandla futhi imuncwe yilo, izokwenza ukuthi i-athomu iguquke kusukela ezingeni eliphansi lamandla ukuya ezingeni eliphezulu lamandla (okuthiwa ukumuncwa okujabulisayo);Khona-ke, amanye ama-athomu ashintshela kumazinga aphezulu amandla azoshintshela kumazinga aphansi wamandla futhi akhiphe ama-photon (okubizwa ngokuthi imisebe evuselelwe).Lokhu kunyakaza akwenzeki ngokuhlukana, kodwa ngokuvamile ngokuhambisana.Uma sakha isimo, njengokusebenzisa i-medium efanelekile, i-resonator, insimu kagesi yangaphandle eyanele, imisebe evuselelwe ikhuliswa ukuze kube ngaphezu kokumuncwa okukhuthazwayo, khona-ke ngokuvamile, kuzoba nama-photon akhishwe, okuholela ekukhanyeni kwe-laser.
B. Ukuhlelwa
Ngokwe-medium ekhiqiza i-laser, i-laser ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-laser ewuketshezi, i-gas laser kanye ne-laser eqinile.Manje i-laser ye-semiconductor ejwayeleke kakhulu iwuhlobo lwe-solid state laser.
C. Ukuqanjwa
Amalaser amaningi akhiwe izingxenye ezintathu: isistimu yokuvusa, impahla ye-laser kanye ne-optical resonator.Amasistimu wokuvusa amadivaysi akhiqiza amandla okukhanya, kagesi noma amakhemikhali.Njengamanje, izindlela zokukhuthaza ezisetshenziswayo ukukhanya, ugesi noma ukusabela kwamakhemikhali.Izinto ze-laser izinto ezingakhiqiza ukukhanya kwe-laser, okufana namarubi, ingilazi ye-beryllium, igesi ye-neon, ama-semiconductors, odayi be-organic, njll. Indima yokulawula i-optical resonance ukuthuthukisa ukukhanya kwe-laser ephumayo, ukulungisa nokukhetha ubude begagasi nesiqondiso. kwe-laser.
D. Isicelo
I-Laser isetshenziswa kabanzi, ikakhulukazi ukuxhumana kwe-fiber, i-laser esukela, ukusika i-laser, izikhali ze-laser, i-laser disc nokunye.
E. Umlando
Ngo-1958, ososayensi baseMelika u-Xiaoluo no-Townes bathola into eyisimangaliso: lapho bebeka ukukhanya okukhishwa isibani sangaphakathi ku-crystal yomhlaba engavamile, ama-molecule e-crystal azokhipha ukukhanya okukhanyayo, njalo ndawonye ukukhanya okuqinile.Ngokwalesi senzakalo, bahlongoze "isimiso se-laser", okungukuthi, lapho into ijatshuliswa amandla afanayo nemvamisa ye-oscillation yemvelo yama-molecule ayo, izokhiqiza lokhu kukhanya okunamandla okungahlukani - laser.Bathola amaphepha abalulekile kulokhu.
Ngemva kokushicilelwa kwemiphumela yocwaningo lukaScolo noTownes, ososayensi abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene bahlongoza amasu okuhlola ahlukahlukene, kodwa awazange aphumelele.NgoMeyi 15, 1960, uMayman, usosayensi eHughes Laboratory eCalifornia, wamemezela ukuthi uthole i-laser ene-wavelength yama-microns angu-0.6943, okwakuyi-laser yokuqala eyake yatholwa abantu, futhi kanjalo uMayman waba usosayensi wokuqala emhlabeni. ukwethula ama-lasers emkhakheni osebenzayo.
NgoJulayi 7, 1960, uMayman wamemezela ukuzalwa kwelaser yokuqala emhlabeni, uhlelo lukaMayman luwukusebenzisa ishubhu elikhanyayo elinamandla kakhulu ukuvuselela ama-athomu e-chromium kucrystal yerubi, ngaleyo ndlela kukhiqizwe ikholomu yokukhanya okubomvu egxilile kakhulu, lapho ixoshwa. endaweni ethile, ingafinyelela izinga lokushisa elingaphezu kobuso belanga.
Usosayensi waseSoviet u-H.Γ Basov wasungula i-laser ye-semiconductor ngo-1960. Isakhiwo se-semiconductor laser ngokuvamile sakhiwe ungqimba ongu-P, ungqimba lwe-N kanye nongqimba olusebenzayo olwakha i-heterojunction ephindwe kabili.Izici zayo yilezi: usayizi omncane, ukusebenza kahle kokuxhumanisa okuphezulu, isivinini sokuphendula ngokushesha, ubude begagasi nobukhulu obuhambisana nosayizi wefiber optical, kungashintshwa ngokuqondile, ukuhambisana kahle.
Okwesithupha, ezinye zeziqondiso eziyinhloko ze-laser
F. Laser ukuxhumana
Ukusebenzisa ukukhanya ukudlulisa ulwazi kuvame kakhulu namuhla.Ngokwesibonelo, imikhumbi isebenzisa amalambu ukuze ixhumane, kanti amarobhothi asebenzisa okubomvu, okuphuzi nokuluhlaza.Kodwa zonke lezi zindlela zokudlulisa ulwazi kusetshenziswa ukukhanya okuvamile zingakhawulelwa kuphela ebangeni elifushane.Uma ufuna ukudlulisa ulwazi ngokuqondile ezindaweni ezikude ngokukhanya, awukwazi ukusebenzisa ukukhanya okuvamile, kodwa sebenzisa amalaser kuphela.
Ngakho uyiletha kanjani i-laser?Siyazi ukuthi ugesi ungathwalwa ngezintambo zethusi, kodwa ukukhanya akukwazi ukuthwala ngezintambo zensimbi ezivamile.Ukuze kufezwe lokhu, ososayensi baye benza umcu okwazi ukudlulisa ukukhanya, obizwa ngokuthi i-optical fiber, ebizwa ngokuthi imicu.I-Optical fiber yenziwe ngezinto zengilazi ezikhethekile, ububanzi buncane kunezinwele zomuntu, ngokuvamile i-50 kuya ku-150 microns, futhi ithambile kakhulu.
Eqinisweni, ingaphakathi le-fiber liyinkomba ephezulu ye-refractive yengilazi ebonakalayo ebonakalayo, futhi ukumboza kwangaphandle kwenziwa ngengilazi ephansi ye-refractive index noma ipulasitiki.Isakhiwo esinjalo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, singenza ukukhanya kukhanye phakathi nendawo engaphakathi, njengamanzi ageleza phambili epayipini lamanzi, ugesi odluliselwa phambili ocingweni, ngisho noma izinkulungwane zokusonteka nokujika zingenamphumela.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkomba ye-low-refractive index coating ingavimbela ukukhanya ekuphumeni, njengoba nje ipayipi lamanzi lingangeni futhi ungqimba lwe-insulation yocingo lungawuhambisi ugesi.
Ukubonakala kwe-fiber optical kuxazulula indlela yokudlulisa ukukhanya, kodwa akusho ukuthi ngayo, noma yikuphi ukukhanya kungadluliselwa kude kakhulu.Ukukhanya okuphezulu kuphela, umbala omsulwa, i-laser eqondisa kahle, iwumthombo wokukhanya ofaneleka kakhulu wokudlulisa ulwazi, iwukufaka okuvela komunye umkhawulo wefayibha, cishe akukho ukulahlekelwa nokuphuma komunye umkhawulo.Ngakho-ke, ukuxhumana okubonakalayo empeleni ukuxhumana nge-laser, okunobuhle bomthamo omkhulu, ikhwalithi ephezulu, umthombo obanzi wezinto zokwakha, imfihlo eqinile, ukuqina, njll., futhi kunconywa ososayensi njengenguquko emkhakheni wezokuxhumana, futhi ingenye. yempumelelo ehlakaniphe kakhulu enguqukweni yezobuchwepheshe.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-29-2023