I-laser ibhekisa kwinqubo kanye nethuluzi lokukhiqiza elishayiwe, ama-monochromatic, athambile, imishayo enobumbano ethambile ngokusebenzisa ukukhulisa imisebe ye-radiation kanye nempendulo edingekayo. Ngokuyisisekelo, isizukulwane se-laser sidinga izinto ezintathu: "umgcini," a "inzuzo ephakathi," kanye "nomthombo wokupompa."
A. Isimiso
Isimo se-athomu se-athomu singahlukaniswa ngamazinga ahlukene wamandla, futhi lapho i-athomu isuka emazingeni aphezulu wamandla ezingeni eliphansi lamandla, likhipha izithombe zamandla ahambisanayo (okuthiwa imisebe ye-spontaist). Ngokufanayo, lapho i-Photon iyisigameko sohlelo lwezinga lamandla futhi idonswe yi-athomu ukuthi iguqulwe isuka kwelinye izinga lamandla liye kwelinye izinga lamandla (okuthiwa lijabule); Ngemuva kwalokho, amanye ama-athomu aguqulwa emazingeni aphezulu wamandla azoguqukela kumazinga aphansi wamandla futhi afike ama-photons avuselelwayo (okuthiwa ubisi oluvuselelayo). Lokhu ukunyakaza akwenzeki ngokwahlukaniswa, kepha kaningi ngokufana. Lapho sidala isimo, njengokusebenzisa i-medium ephakathi, indawo eyanele kagesi, imisebe evuselelwayo iyakhushulwa
B. Ukuhlukaniswa
Ngokuya nge-medium ekhiqiza i-laser, i-laser ingahlukaniswa i-laser ye-liquid, i-laser yegesi ne-laser eqinile. Manje i-Semiconductor Laser ejwayelekile kakhulu uhlobo lwe-laser eqinile.
C. Ukwakheka
Ama-lasers amaningi ahlanganiswe ngezingxenye ezintathu: uhlelo lokuxoxa, impahla ye-laser ne-optical resonator. Izinhlelo zokuphaphama zingamadivayisi akhiqiza amandla akhanyayo, kagesi noma wamakhemikhali. Njengamanje, izindlela zokukhuthaza eziphambili ezisetshenziselwa ukukhanya, ugesi noma ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Izinto ze-Laser ziyizinto ezingakhiqiza ukukhanya kwe-laser, ezinjenge-rubies, ingilazi ye-beryllium, i-neon igesi, ama-semiconductors, njll, njll.
D. Isicelo
I-Laser isetshenziswa kabanzi, ikakhulukazi ukuxhumana kwe-fiber, ukusukela kwe-laser, ukusika kwe-laser, izikhali ze-laser, i-laser disc nokunye.
E. Umlando
Ngo-1958, ososayensi baseMelika uXiaoluo kanye namadolobhana bathola into yemilingo: Lapho bebeka ukukhanya okukhishwe yisibani se-bulb yangaphakathi emhlabathini ongavamile crystal, ama-molecule ekristalu azokhipha ukukhanya, ngaso sonke isikhathi ukukhanya okuqinile. Ngokusho kwalesi simo, baphakamisa "umgomo we-laser", okungukuthi, lapho into ijabule ngamandla afanayo nemvamisa yemvelo yama-molecule yayo, izokhiqiza lokhu kukhanya okuqinile okungaphambuli - i-laser. Bathola amaphepha abalulekile kulokhu.
Ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwemiphumela yocwaningo lwe-sciolo nasemadolobheni, ososayensi abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene bahlongoza amacebo ahlukahlukene wokuhlola, kodwa abaphumelelanga. NgoMeyi 15, 1960, usosayensi eHughers Labhoratri eCalifornia, kwamenyezelwa ukuthi wayethole ama-laser ane-wavelerth ka-0.6943 microns, okwathi yi-laser yokuqala eyake yathola ama-laser ensimini eyongenisa insimu esebenzayo.
NgoJulayi 7, 1960, uMayman umemezele ukuzalwa kwe-laser yokuqala ye-laser, i-mayman ukuthi asebenzise i-athomu ye-flash ephezulu kakhulu ukukhuthaza ama-athomu we-chromium ku-rubry crystal, lapho iqhutshwa endaweni ethile ebomvu ebomvu, lapho idutshulwa endaweni ethile ephakeme kunasebusweni belanga.
Isayensi yeSoviet H.γ Bayov yasungulwa i-semiconductor laser ngo-1960. Isakhiwo se-semiconductor laser sivame ukwakhiwa nge-p ungqimba, n ungqimba olusebenzayo olusebenzayo olusebenza kabili. Izici zalo yilezi: usayizi omncane, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, isivinini sokuphendula okusheshayo, i-wavelength kanye nosayizi ohambelana nosayizi we-fiber optical, kungahle kulungiswe, kulungiswe ngokuhambisana nalo.
Eziyisithupha, ezinye zezinkomba eziphambili zesicelo se-laser
F. Ukuxhumana kweLaser
Kusetshenziswa ukukhanya ukudlulisa imininingwane kuvame kakhulu namuhla. Isibonelo, imikhumbi isebenzisa amalambu ukuxhumana, kanye namalambu omgwaqo sebenzisa abomvu, ophuzi, nohlaza. Kepha zonke lezi zindlela zokudlulisela imininingwane esebenzisa ukukhanya okujwayelekile kungakhawulelwa kumabanga amafushane. Uma ufuna ukudlulisa imininingwane ngqo ezindaweni ezikude ngokusebenzisa ukukhanya, awukwazi ukusebenzisa ukukhanya okujwayelekile, kepha sebenzisa ama-lasers kuphela.
Ngakho-ke uletha kanjani i-laser? Siyazi ukuthi ugesi ungathwalwa ngezintambo zethusi, kepha ukukhanya akunakuthwalwa ngezintambo zensimbi ezijwayelekile. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi bathuthukise i-filament engadlulisela ukukhanya, okubizwa ngokuthi i-fiber optical, okubizwa ngokuthi yi-fiber. I-Fibrical fiber yenziwa ngezinto ezikhethekile zengilazi, ububanzi buncanyana kunezinwele zomuntu, imvamisa ama-microns angama-50 kuye kwayi-150, futhi athambile kakhulu.
Eqinisweni, umnyombo wangaphakathi wefayibha uyinkomba ebonakalayo esobala yengilazi esobala ye-optical, futhi ukuhlanganiswa kwangaphandle kwenziwa ngengilazi yenkomba ephansi noma epulasitiki. Isakhiwo esinjalo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, singenza ukukhanya kwenziwe kabusha eceleni komgogodla wangaphakathi, njengamanzi ageleza phambili epayipi lamanzi, ugesi adluliselwa phambili ocingweni, noma ngabe izinkulungwane zokuphamba nokujika kungabi namphumela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhokhiswa kwenkomba okuvulekayo kungavimba ukukhanya kusuka ekuvuzeni, njengoba nje ipayipi lamanzi lingaboni futhi ungqimba lwentambo yentambo alwenzi ugesi.
Ukuvela kwe-fiber okubonakalayo kuxazulula indlela yokudlulisela ukukhanya, kepha akusho ukuthi ngayo, noma yikuphi ukukhanya kungadluliselwa kude kakhulu. Ukukhanya okuphezulu kuphela, umbala omsulwa, i-laser enhle eqondayo, ingumthombo omuhle kakhulu wokukhanya wokudlulisa imininingwane, kufakwa kusuka emaphethelweni owodwa wefayibha, cishe akukho kulahleka kanye nokukhipha kusuka komunye umkhawulo. Ngakho-ke, ukuxhumana kwe-Optical empeleni kungukuxhumana kwe-laser, okunezinzuzo zamandla amakhulu, ikhwalithi ephezulu, umthombo obanzi wezinto zokwakha, ukuqina, ukuqina, futhi kungenye yezinguquko ezinhle kakhulu embusweni wezobuchwepheshe.
Isikhathi sePosi: Jun-29-2023