I-laser ibhekisela enkambisweni nasethuluzini lokukhiqiza imisebe yokukhanya ehlanganisiwe, ehlanganisiwe, ehambisanayo ngokusebenzisa ukukhuliswa kwemisebe okukhuthaziwe kanye nempendulo edingekayo. Ngokuyisisekelo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-laser kudinga izinto ezintathu: "i-resonator," "i-gain medium," kanye "nomthombo wokupompa."
A. Isimiso
Isimo sokunyakaza kwe-athomu singahlukaniswa ngamazinga ahlukene amandla, futhi lapho i-athomu ishintsha isuka ezingeni eliphezulu lamandla iye ezingeni eliphansi lamandla, ikhipha ama-photon wamandla ahambisanayo (okuthiwa imisebe ezenzakalelayo). Ngokufanayo, lapho i-photon ingena ohlelweni lwezinga lamandla futhi imuncwa yiyo, izobangela ukuthi i-athomu ishintshe isuka ezingeni eliphansi lamandla iye ezingeni eliphezulu lamandla (okuthiwa ukumuncwa okujabulisayo); Bese kuthi, amanye ama-athomu ashintshela emazingeni aphezulu wamandla azoshintshela emazingeni aphansi wamandla futhi akhiphe ama-photon (okuthiwa imisebe eshukunyiswayo). Lokhu kunyakaza akwenzeki ngokwahlukene, kodwa kuvame ukwenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lapho sidala isimo, njengokusebenzisa i-medium efanele, i-resonator, insimu kagesi yangaphandle eyanele, imisebe eshukunyiswayo iyandiswa ukuze ngaphezu kokumuncwa okushukunyiswayo, kube sekujwayelekile, kube nama-photon akhishwayo, okuholela ekukhanyeni kwe-laser.
B. Ukuhlukaniswa
Ngokusho kwento ekhiqiza i-laser, i-laser ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-laser ewuketshezi, i-laser yegesi kanye ne-laser eqinile. Manje i-laser ye-semiconductor evame kakhulu uhlobo lwe-laser yesimo esiqinile.
C. Ukwakheka
Ama-laser amaningi akhiwe izingxenye ezintathu: uhlelo lokuvuselela, izinto ze-laser kanye ne-optical resonator. Izinhlelo zokuvuselela yizinto ezikhiqiza amandla okukhanya, kagesi noma amakhemikhali. Njengamanje, izindlela eziyinhloko zokukhuthaza ezisetshenziswayo ukukhanya, ugesi noma ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Izinto ze-laser yizinto ezingakhiqiza ukukhanya kwe-laser, njenge-rubies, ingilazi ye-beryllium, igesi ye-neon, ama-semiconductor, amadayi e-organic, njll. Indima yokulawula ukukhanya kwe-optical ukuthuthukisa ukukhanya kwe-laser ephumayo, ukulungisa nokukhetha ubude be-wavelength kanye nesiqondiso se-laser.
D. Isicelo
I-Laser isetshenziswa kabanzi, ikakhulukazi ukuxhumana ngefayibha, ukulinganisa nge-laser, ukusika nge-laser, izikhali ze-laser, i-laser disc njalo njalo.
Umlando we-E.
Ngo-1958, ososayensi baseMelika uXiaoluo noTownes bathola into eyisimangaliso: lapho bebeka ukukhanya okukhishwa yibhalbhu yokukhanya yangaphakathi kukristalu yomhlaba ongavamile, ama-molecule ekristalu azokhipha ukukhanya okukhanyayo, okuhlala kuhlangene. Ngokusho kwalesi simo, baphakamise "isimiso se-laser", okungukuthi, lapho into ivuselelwa ngamandla afanayo nemvamisa yemvelo yokuzulazula kwama-molecule ayo, izokhiqiza lokhu kukhanya okunamandla okungahlukani - i-laser. Bathole amaphepha abalulekile kulokhu.
Ngemva kokushicilelwa kwemiphumela yocwaningo lukaSciolo noTownes, ososayensi abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene baphakamisa izinhlelo ezahlukene zokuhlola, kodwa abazange baphumelele. Ngomhlaka-15 Meyi 1960, uMayman, usosayensi eHughes Laboratory eCalifornia, wamemezela ukuthi uthole i-laser enobude obungama-micron angu-0.6943, okwakuyi-laser yokuqala eyake yatholwa ngabantu, ngakho-ke uMayman waba usosayensi wokuqala emhlabeni ukwethula ama-laser ensimini esebenzayo.
Ngomhlaka-7 kuJulayi 1960, uMayman wamemezela ukuzalwa kwe-laser yokuqala emhlabeni, uhlelo lukaMayman ukusebenzisa i-flash tube enamandla amakhulu ukuvuselela ama-athomu e-chromium kukristalu ye-ruby, ngaleyo ndlela kukhiqizwe ikholomu yokukhanya ebomvu ecijile kakhulu, uma idunyiswa endaweni ethile, ingafinyelela izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kunobuso belanga.
Usosayensi waseSoviet u-H.Γ Basov wasungula i-semiconductor laser ngo-1960. Isakhiwo se-semiconductor laser sivame ukwakhiwa ungqimba lwe-P, ungqimba lwe-N kanye nongqimba olusebenzayo olwakha i-double heterojunction. Izici zalo yilezi: usayizi omncane, ukusebenza kahle kokuxhuma okuphezulu, isivinini sokuphendula okusheshayo, ubude be-wavelength kanye nosayizi ohambisana nosayizi we-optical fiber, kungashintshwa ngqo, ukuhambisana okuhle.
Eziyisithupha, ezinye zeziqondiso eziyinhloko zesicelo se-laser
F. Ukuxhumana nge-laser
Ukusebenzisa ukukhanya ukudlulisa ulwazi kuvame kakhulu namuhla. Isibonelo, imikhumbi isebenzisa izibani ukuxhumana, kanti izibani zomgwaqo zisebenzisa obomvu, ophuzi, noluhlaza okotshani. Kodwa zonke lezi zindlela zokudlulisa ulwazi zisebenzisa ukukhanya okuvamile zingakhawulelwa kuphela emabangeni amafushane. Uma ufuna ukudlulisa ulwazi ngqo ezindaweni ezikude ngokukhanya, awukwazi ukusebenzisa ukukhanya okuvamile, kodwa sebenzisa ama-laser kuphela.
Ngakho-ke uyiletha kanjani i-laser? Siyazi ukuthi ugesi ungathwalwa ngezintambo zethusi, kodwa ukukhanya akuthwalwa ngezintambo zensimbi ezivamile. Ngenxa yalokhu, ososayensi bathuthukise intambo engadlulisa ukukhanya, ebizwa ngokuthi i-optical fiber, ebizwa ngokuthi i-fiber. I-optical fiber yenziwe ngezinto ezikhethekile zeglasi, ububanzi bayo buncane kunezinwele zomuntu, ngokuvamile bungama-micron angu-50 kuya kwangu-150, futhi buthambile kakhulu.
Eqinisweni, ingaphakathi le-fiber liyinkomba ephezulu yokukhanya kwengilazi ebonakalayo esobala, futhi ungqimba lwangaphandle lwenziwe ngengilazi noma ipulasitiki ekhombisa ukukhanya okuphansi. Isakhiwo esinjalo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, singenza ukukhanya kukhanye ngaphakathi kwengaphakathi, njengamanzi ageleza phambili epayipini lamanzi, ugesi odluliselwa phambili entambo, noma ngabe ukujika nokujika okuyizinkulungwane akunawo umphumela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ungqimba lwe-index olubonisa ukukhanya okuphansi lungavimbela ukukhanya ukuthi kungaphumi, njengoba nje ipayipi lamanzi lingangeni futhi ungqimba lokuvikela ucingo lungahambisi ugesi.
Ukubonakala kwe-optical fiber kuxazulula indlela yokudlulisa ukukhanya, kodwa akusho ukuthi ngayo, noma yikuphi ukukhanya kungadluliselwa kude kakhulu. Ukukhanya okuphezulu kuphela, umbala omsulwa, i-laser enhle eqondisa kahle, ingumthombo wokukhanya ofanele kakhulu wokudlulisa ulwazi, ingukufakwa okuvela kolunye uhlangothi lwe-fiber, cishe akukho ukulahleka nokukhishwa okuvela kolunye uhlangothi. Ngakho-ke, ukuxhumana kwe-optical empeleni ukuxhumana kwe-laser, okunezinzuzo zomthamo omkhulu, ikhwalithi ephezulu, umthombo obanzi wezinto zokwakha, ubumfihlo obuqinile, ukuqina, njll., futhi kunconywa ososayensi njengoguquko emkhakheni wokuxhumana, futhi kungenye yempumelelo egqamile kakhulu ekuguqukeni kobuchwepheshe.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-29-2023