Ama-Optocouplers, axhuma amasekhethi kusetshenziswa amasignali okubona njengemaphakathi, ayisici esisebenzayo ezindaweni lapho ukunemba okuphezulu kudingekile khona, njengama-acoustics, umuthi kanye nezimboni, ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwawo okuphezulu nokuthembeka, njengokuqina nokwahlukanisa.
Kodwa i-optocoupler isebenza nini futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo, futhi yisiphi isimiso esikuso? Noma uma usebenzisa i-photocoupler emsebenzini wakho we-electronics, ungase ungazi ukuthi ungayikhetha kanjani futhi uyisebenzise kanjani. Ngoba i-optocoupler ivame ukudideka ne-"phototransistor" kanye ne-"photodiode". Ngakho-ke, yini i-photocoupler izokwethulwa kulesi sihloko.
Yini i-photocoupler?
I-optocoupler iyingxenye ye-electronic etymology yayo i-optical
coupler, okusho “ukuhlangana nokukhanya.” Ngezinye izikhathi futhi kwaziwa ngokuthi i-optocoupler, i-optical isolator, i-optical insulation, njll. Iqukethe isici esikhipha ukukhanya kanye ne-elementi yokwamukela ukukhanya, futhi ixhuma isekethe eseceleni yokokufaka kanye nesekhethi eseceleni yokuphumayo ngesignali yokubona. Alukho uxhumano lukagesi phakathi kwalawa masekhethi, ngamanye amazwi, esimweni sokwahlukanisa. Ngakho-ke, uxhumano lwesifunda phakathi kokufaka nokuphumayo luhlukene futhi isignali kuphela idluliselwa. Xhuma amasekhethi ngokuvikelekile anamazinga kagesi okufakwayo ahluke kakhulu kanye nokuphumayo, nokufakwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu phakathi kokufaka nokuphumayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokudlulisa noma ukuvimbela lesi signali yokukhanya, isebenza njengeswishi. Isimiso esinemininingwane kanye nendlela kuzochazwa kamuva, kodwa isici esikhipha ukukhanya kwe-photocoupler iyi-LED (i-light emitting diode).
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960 kuya ko-1970, lapho kwasungulwa amaledi futhi intuthuko yawo yezobuchwepheshe yayibalulekile,optoelectronicsyaba ibhomu. Ngaleso sikhathi, ezihlukahlukeneimishini yokubonazasungulwa, futhi i-coupler ye-photoelectric yayingomunye wabo. Kamuva, ama-optoelectronics angena ngokushesha ezimpilweni zethu.
① Isimiso/inqubo
Umgomo we-optocoupler ukuthi i-elementi ekhipha ukukhanya iguqula isignali kagesi efakiwe ibe ukukhanya, futhi isici sokwamukela ukukhanya sidlulisela isignali kagesi yokukhanya emuva kusekethi eseceleni okukhiphayo. Isici esikhipha ukukhanya kanye ne-elementi yokwamukela ukukhanya kungaphakathi kwebhulokhi yokukhanya kwangaphandle, futhi kokubili kubhekene ukuze kudluliselwe ukukhanya.
I-semiconductor esetshenziswa ezintweni ezikhipha ukukhanya yi-LED (i-light-emitting diode). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-semiconductors asetshenziswa kumadivayisi athola ukukhanya, kuye ngendawo yokusetshenziswa, usayizi wangaphandle, intengo, njll., kodwa ngokuvamile, okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yi-phototransistor.
Uma ingasebenzi, ama-phototransistor aphatha okuncane kwamanje okwenziwa ama-semiconductors ajwayelekile. Lapho isigameko sokukhanya lapho, i-phototransistor ikhiqiza amandla e-photoelectromotive ebusweni be-semiconductor yohlobo lwe-P kanye ne-N-type semiconductor, izimbobo ze-semiconductor yohlobo lwe-N zigeleza esifundeni se-p, i-electron semiconductor yamahhala esifundeni se-p iyageleza. esifundeni n, futhi umsinga uzogeleza.
Ama-Phototransistors awaphenduli njengama-photodiode, kodwa futhi anomphumela wokukhulisa okukhiphayo kumakhulu kuya ku-1,000 izikhathi zesignali yokufaka (ngenxa yenkambu kagesi yangaphakathi). Ngakho-ke, bazwela ngokwanele ukuba bathathe ngisho nezimpawu ezibuthakathaka, okuyinzuzo.
Eqinisweni, "i-light blocker" esiyibonayo iyisisetshenziswa se-elekthronikhi esinomgomo ofanayo nendlela.
Kodwa-ke, iziphazamisi zokukhanya zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezinzwa futhi zenza indima yazo ngokudlula into evimba ukukhanya phakathi kwento ekhipha ukukhanya kanye ne-elementi yokwamukela ukukhanya. Isibonelo, ingasetshenziswa ukuthola izinhlamvu zemali namaphepha emali emishinini yokuthengisa nama-ATM.
② Izici
Njengoba i-optocoupler idlulisa amasiginali ngokukhanya, ukuhlukanisa phakathi kohlangothi lokufaka nohlangothi oluphumayo kuyisici esikhulu. Ukwahlukanisa okuphezulu akuthintwa kalula umsindo, kodwa futhi kuvimbela ukugeleza kwamanje ngephutha phakathi kwamasekhethi aseduze, okusebenza ngempumelelo ngokwedlulele mayelana nokuphepha. Futhi isakhiwo ngokwaso silula futhi sinengqondo.
Ngenxa yomlando wayo omude, ukwakheka komkhiqizo ocebile wabakhiqizi abahlukahlukene nakho kuyinzuzo eyingqayizivele yama-optocouplers. Ngenxa yokuthi akukho ukuthintana ngokomzimba, ukugqokwa phakathi kwezingxenye kuncane, futhi impilo yinde. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona futhi izici ukuthi ukusebenza kahle okukhanyayo kulula ukuguquguquka, ngoba i-LED izowohloka kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nezinguquko zokushisa.
Ikakhulukazi lapho ingxenye yangaphakathi yepulasitiki ebonakalayo isikhathi eside, iba namafu, ayikwazi ukukhanya okuhle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kunoma yikuphi, impilo yinde kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nokuxhumana othintana naye ngomshini.
Ama-phototransistors ngokuvamile anensa kunama-photodiode, ngakho awasetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwesivinini esikhulu. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuyona into embi, njengoba ezinye izingxenye zineziyingi zokukhulisa i-amplification ohlangothini lokuphumayo ukuze kwenyuswe isivinini. Eqinisweni, akuwona wonke amasekethe kagesi adinga ukukhulisa isivinini.
③ Ukusetshenziswa
Photoelectric couplerszisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukushintsha ukusebenza. I-circuit izonikezwa amandla ngokuvula inkinobho, kodwa kusukela ekubukeni kwezici ezingenhla, ikakhulukazi ukufakwa kwe-insulation nokuphila isikhathi eside, ifaneleka kahle ezimweni ezidinga ukwethembeka okuphezulu. Isibonelo, umsindo uyisitha se-electronics yezokwelapha kanye nemishini yomsindo/imishini yokuxhumana.
Ibuye isetshenziswe kuma-motor drive systems. Isizathu se-motor ukuthi ijubane lilawulwa yi-inverter uma iqhutshwa, kodwa idala umsindo ngenxa yokuphuma okuphezulu. Lo msindo ngeke nje ubangele ukuthi injini ngokwayo ihluleke, kodwa futhi igeleza "emhlabathini" othinta ama-peripherals. Ikakhulukazi, imishini enezintambo ezinde kulula ukuthatha lo msindo ophumayo ophezulu, ngakho-ke uma kwenzeka efektri, kuzodala ukulahlekelwa okukhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi kubangele izingozi ezimbi. Ngokusebenzisa ama-optocoupler avaleleke kakhulu ekushintsheni, umthelela kwamanye amasekhethi namadivayisi angancishiswa.
Okwesibili, indlela yokukhetha nokusebenzisa ama-optocouplers
Ungayisebenzisa kanjani i-optocoupler efanele ukuze ufake isicelo ekwakhiweni komkhiqizo? Onjiniyela abalandelayo bokuthuthukisa i-microcontroller bazochaza ukuthi ungakhetha futhi usebenzise kanjani ama-optocoupler.
① Hlala uvulekile futhi uvale njalo
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-photocoupler: uhlobo lapho iswishi ivalwa khona (ivaliwe) uma ingekho i-voltage esetshenziswayo, uhlobo lapho iswishi ivuliwe (ivaliwe) lapho kusetshenziswa i-voltage, kanye nohlobo lapho iswishi isetshenziswa khona. ivuliwe uma ingekho i-voltage. Faka isicelo bese uvala uma i-voltage isetshenziswa.
Eyangaphambili ibizwa ngokuthi ivamise ukuvuleka, kanti lena yakamuva ibizwa ngokuthi ivalekile. Indlela yokukhetha, okokuqala kuncike ekutheni yiluphi uhlobo lwesifunda oludingayo.
② Hlola umthamo wamanje kanye ne-voltage esetshenzisiwe
Ama-photocouplers anempahla yokukhulisa isignali, kodwa angadluli njalo ku-voltage kanye namanje ngokuthanda kwakho. Yiqiniso, ilinganiselwe, kodwa i-voltage idinga ukusetshenziswa ukusuka ohlangothini lokufaka ngokuya ngokuphumayo okufunayo.
Uma sibheka ishidi ledatha yomkhiqizo, singabona ishadi lapho i-eksisi eqondile ingumthombo wamanje (i-collector current) kanye ne-eksisi evundlile i-voltage yokufaka (i-voltage ye-collector-emitter). Umqoqi wamanje uyahlukahluka ngokuya ngokuqina kokukhanya kwe-LED, ngakho-ke sebenzisa i-voltage ngokuya ngokuphumayo okufunayo.
Nokho, ungase ucabange ukuthi okuphumayo okubalwe lapha kuncane ngokumangalisayo. Leli inani lamanje elisakwazi ukukhishwa ngokuthembekile ngemva kokucabangela ukuwohloka kwe-LED ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho lingaphansi kwesilinganiso esiphezulu.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, kunezimo lapho i-output yamanje ingenkulu. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukhetha i-optocoupler, qiniseka ukuthi uhlola ngokucophelela "i-output current" bese ukhetha umkhiqizo ohambisana nawo.
③ Ubuningi bamanje
I-conduction current enkulu yinani eliphezulu lamanje i-optocoupler engakwazi ukumelana nayo lapho iqhuba. Futhi, sidinga ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi siyazi ukuthi iphrojekthi idinga ukuphuma okungakanani nokuthi ingakanani i-voltage yokufaka ngaphambi kokuba sithenge. Qiniseka ukuthi inani eliphakeme kanye namanje elisetshenzisiwe akukona umkhawulo, kodwa kukhona umkhawulo othile.
④ Setha i-photocouple ngendlela efanele
Ngemva kokukhetha i-optocoupler efanele, masiyisebenzise kuphrojekthi yangempela. Ukufakwa ngokwakho kulula, vele uxhume amatheminali axhunywe kusekethe eseceleni kokufakwayo ngakunye kanye nesekethe eseceleni yokuphuma. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ungaphazamisi uhlangothi lokufakwayo kanye nohlangothi lokuphumayo. Ngakho-ke, kufanele futhi uhlole izimpawu kuthebula ledatha, ukuze ungatholi ukuthi i-photoelectric coupler foot ayilungile ngemva kokudweba ibhodi le-PCB.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-29-2023