Ama-optocouplers, axhumanisa amasekethe esebenzisa izimpawu zokukhanya njengendlela yokuxhumana, ayisici esisebenzayo ezindaweni lapho ukunemba okuphezulu kubalulekile khona, njenge-acoustic, imithi kanye nezimboni, ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwawo okuphezulu kanye nokuthembeka, njengokuqina kanye nokushisa.
Kodwa i-optocoupler isebenza nini futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo, futhi iyini isimiso sayo? Noma uma usebenzisa i-photocoupler emsebenzini wakho we-elekthronikhi, ungase ungazi ukuthi ungayikhetha futhi uyisebenzise kanjani. Ngoba i-optocoupler ivame ukudidaniswa ne-“phototransistor” kanye ne-“photodiode”. Ngakho-ke, yini i-photocoupler ezokwethulwa kulesi sihloko.
Kuyini i-photocoupler?
I-optocoupler iyisakhi se-elekthronikhi esine-etymology yokukhanya
i-coupler, okusho ukuthi “ukuxhumanisa nokukhanya.” Ngezinye izikhathi eyaziwa nangokuthi i-optocoupler, i-optical isolator, i-optical insulation, njll. Iqukethe i-element ekhipha ukukhanya kanye ne-element ethola ukukhanya, futhi ixhuma i-input side circuit kanye ne-output side circuit ngokusebenzisa isignali ye-optical. Akukho ukuxhumana kukagesi phakathi kwalezi zifunda, ngamanye amazwi, esimweni sokufudumala. Ngakho-ke, ukuxhumana kwesifunda phakathi kokufakwayo kanye nokukhiphayo kuhlukile futhi isignali kuphela edluliselwayo. Xhuma ngokuphephile izifunda ezinezinga elihlukile kakhulu le-input kanye ne-output voltage, nge-insulation ephezulu ye-voltage phakathi kokufakwayo kanye nokukhiphayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokudlulisa noma ukuvimba lesi signali yokukhanya, sisebenza njengeswishi. Isimiso esiningiliziwe kanye nendlela yokusebenza kuzochazwa kamuva, kodwa isici esikhipha ukukhanya se-photocoupler yi-LED (i-diode ekhipha ukukhanya).
Kusukela ngawo-1960 kuya ko-1970, lapho kwasungulwa ama-led futhi intuthuko yawo kwezobuchwepheshe yayibalulekile,i-optoelectronicskwaba yintuthuko enkulu. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinhlobo ezahlukeneamadivayisi opticalkwasungulwa, futhi umshini wokuxhuma we-photoelectric wawungomunye wawo. Ngemva kwalokho, ama-optoelectronic angena ngokushesha ezimpilweni zethu.
① Isimiso/indlela yokusebenza
Isimiso se-optocoupler ukuthi into ekhipha ukukhanya iguqula isignali kagesi yokufaka ibe ukukhanya, bese into ethola ukukhanya idlulisela isignali kagesi ebuyela emuva kusekethe eseceleni yokukhipha. Into ekhipha ukukhanya kanye nento ethola ukukhanya zingaphakathi kwebhulokhi yokukhanya kwangaphandle, futhi zombili ziphambene ukuze zidlulise ukukhanya.
I-semiconductor esetshenziswa ezintweni ezikhipha ukukhanya yi-LED (i-diode ekhipha ukukhanya). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-semiconductor asetshenziswa kumadivayisi amukela ukukhanya, kuye ngendawo yokusetshenziswa, usayizi wangaphandle, intengo, njll., kodwa ngokuvamile, esetshenziswa kakhulu yi-phototransistor.
Uma ingasebenzi, ama-phototransistors awathwali ugesi omningi njengoba kwenza ama-semiconductor avamile. Lapho kwenzeka ingozi yokukhanya lapho, i-phototransistor ikhiqiza amandla e-photoelectromotive ebusweni be-semiconductor yohlobo lwe-P kanye ne-semiconductor yohlobo lwe-N, izimbobo ze-semiconductor yohlobo lwe-N zigeleza ziye esifundeni se-p, i-semiconductor yama-electron yamahhala esifundeni se-p igeleza iye esifundeni se-n, futhi ugesi uzogeleza.
Ama-phototransistors awaphenduli kahle njengama-photodiode, kodwa futhi anomphumela wokukhulisa umphumela ube amakhulu kuya ku-1,000 kunesignali yokufaka (ngenxa yensimu kagesi yangaphakathi). Ngakho-ke, azwela ngokwanele ukuthi athathe ngisho nesignali ebuthakathaka, okuyinzuzo.
Eqinisweni, "isivimbeli sokukhanya" esisibonayo siyidivayisi kagesi enesimiso kanye nendlela efanayo.
Kodwa-ke, iziphazamisi zokukhanya zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezinzwa futhi zenza indima yazo ngokudlulisa into evimba ukukhanya phakathi kwento ekhipha ukukhanya kanye nento ethola ukukhanya. Isibonelo, ingasetshenziswa ukuthola izinhlamvu zemali kanye nemali ebhalwe emishinini yokuthengisa kanye nama-ATM.
② Izici
Njengoba i-optocoupler idlulisela izimpawu ngokukhanya, ukufudumala phakathi kohlangothi lokufaka kanye nohlangothi lokukhipha kuyisici esibalulekile. Ukufudumala okuphezulu akuthinteki kalula ngumsindo, kodwa futhi kuvimbela ukuhamba kwamanje ngengozi phakathi kwezifunda eziseduze, okusebenza kahle kakhulu maqondana nokuphepha. Futhi isakhiwo ngokwaso silula futhi sinengqondo.
Ngenxa yomlando wayo omude, uhlu lwemikhiqizo ecebile yabakhiqizi abahlukahlukene luyinzuzo eyingqayizivele yama-optocouplers. Ngenxa yokuthi akukho ukuthintana ngokomzimba, ukuguguleka phakathi kwezingxenye kuncane, futhi impilo ihlala isikhathi eside. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezimpawu zokuthi ukusebenza kahle okukhanyayo kulula ukushintshashintsha, ngoba i-LED izowohloka kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa.
Ikakhulukazi uma ingxenye yangaphakathi yepulasitiki esobala isikhathi eside, iba namafu, ayikwazi ukuba nokukhanya okuhle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kunoma yikuphi, impilo ide kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nokuxhumana kokuxhumana komshini.
Ama-phototransistors ngokuvamile ahamba kancane kune-photodiode, ngakho awasetshenziswa ekuxhumaneni ngesivinini esikhulu. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuyona inkinga, njengoba ezinye izingxenye zinezisekethe zokukhulisa ohlangothini lokukhipha ukuze kwandiswe isivinini. Eqinisweni, akuzona zonke izisekethe zikagesi ezidinga ukwandisa isivinini.
③ Ukusetshenziswa
Izixhumi ze-Photoelectriczisetshenziswa kakhulu ekushintsheni. Isekethe izonikwa amandla ngokuvula iswishi, kodwa ngokombono wezici ezingenhla, ikakhulukazi ukuvikela ukushisa kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside, ifaneleka kahle ezimweni ezidinga ukuthembeka okuphezulu. Isibonelo, umsindo uyisitha sezinto zobuchwepheshe bezokwelapha kanye nemishini yomsindo/imishini yokuxhumana.
Isetshenziswa futhi ezinhlelweni zokushayela izimoto. Isizathu sale moto ukuthi ijubane lilawulwa yi-inverter uma iqhutshwa, kodwa ikhiqiza umsindo ngenxa yokukhipha okuphezulu. Lo msindo ngeke nje ubangele ukuthi imoto ngokwayo yehluleke, kodwa futhi uzogeleza "emhlabathini" othinta izinto ezizungezile. Ikakhulukazi, imishini enezintambo ezinde kulula ukuyibamba lo msindo wokukhipha okuphezulu, ngakho-ke uma kwenzeka efektri, izobangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi ibangele izingozi ezinkulu. Ngokusebenzisa ama-optocouplers afakwe umswakama kakhulu ekushintsheni, umthelela kwezinye izifunda namadivayisi ungancishiswa.
Okwesibili, indlela yokukhetha nokusebenzisa ama-optocouplers
Ungayisebenzisa kanjani i-optocoupler efanele ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni komkhiqizo? Onjiniyela abalandelayo bokuthuthukiswa kwe-microcontroller bazochaza ukuthi bangazikhetha futhi bazisebenzise kanjani i-optocouplers.
① Hlala uvulekile futhi uvale njalo
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-photocouplers: uhlobo lapho iswishi ivaliwe (ivaliwe) lapho kungekho voltage esetshenziswayo, uhlobo lapho iswishi ivuliwe (ivaliwe) lapho kusetshenziswa i-voltage, kanye nohlobo lapho iswishi ivuliwe lapho kungekho voltage. Faka bese uvala lapho kusetshenziswa i-voltage.
Eyokuqala ibizwa ngokuthi ivulekile ngokujwayelekile, kanti eyesibili ibizwa ngokuthi ivaliwe ngokujwayelekile. Indlela yokukhetha, kuqala kuncike kuhlobo luni lwesekethe oludingayo.
② Hlola amandla okukhipha kanye ne-voltage esetshenzisiwe
Ama-photocouplers anesimo sokukhulisa isignali, kodwa awadluli njalo ku-voltage naku-current ngokuthanda kwawo. Yiqiniso, ilinganiselwe, kodwa i-voltage idinga ukusetshenziswa kusukela ohlangothini lokufaka ngokwe-output current oyifunayo.
Uma sibheka ishidi ledatha yomkhiqizo, singabona ishadi lapho i-axis eqondile ingumshini wokukhipha (umsinga wokuqoqa) kanti i-axis evundlile ingumshini wokufaka (umsinga wokuqoqa-i-emitter). Umsinga wokuqoqa uyahlukahluka ngokuya ngamandla okukhanya kwe-LED, ngakho-ke sebenzisa i-voltage ngokuya ngomshini wokukhipha owufunayo.
Kodwa-ke, ungase ucabange ukuthi ugesi wokukhipha obalwa lapha mncane ngokumangalisayo. Leli yinani lamanje elingasakhishwa ngokuthembekile ngemva kokubheka ukuwohloka kwe-LED ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke lingaphansi kwesilinganiso esiphezulu.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, kunezimo lapho ugesi ophumayo ungemkhulu khona. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukhetha i-optocoupler, qiniseka ukuthi uhlola ngokucophelela "ugesi ophumayo" bese ukhetha umkhiqizo ohambisana nawo.
③ Ubuningi bamanje
Umthamo wokudlulisa amandla ophezulu kakhulu yinani lamanje eliphezulu kakhulu i-optocoupler engamelana nalo lapho iqhuba. Futhi, sidinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi siyazi ukuthi iphrojekthi idinga ukukhishwa okungakanani nokuthi i-voltage yokufaka ingakanani ngaphambi kokuthi sithenge. Qiniseka ukuthi inani eliphezulu kanye nomthamo osetshenzisiwe akuyona imingcele, kodwa ukuthi kukhona umkhawulo othile.
④ Setha i-photocoupler ngendlela efanele
Njengoba sesikhethe i-optocoupler efanele, masiyisebenzise kuphrojekthi yangempela. Ukufakwa kwayo kulula, vele uxhume ama-terminal axhunywe kusekethe ngayinye eseceleni yokufaka kanye nesekethe eseceleni yokuphuma. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ungaphambanisi uhlangothi lokufaka kanye nohlangothi lokuphuma. Ngakho-ke, kufanele futhi uhlole izimpawu kuthebula ledatha, ukuze ungazitholi ukuthi unyawo lwe-photoelectric coupler alulungile ngemva kokudweba ibhodi le-PCB.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-29-2023