Uhlolojikelele lwe-linear optics kanye ne-nonlinear optics
Ngokusekelwe ekusebenzelaneni kokukhanya nendaba, i-optics ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-linear optics (LO) kanye ne-nonlinear Optics (NLO). I-Linear Optics (LO) iyisisekelo se-classical optics, egxile ekusebenzisaneni okuqondile kokukhanya. Ngokuphambene, i-nonlinear optics (NLO) yenzeka lapho ukukhanya kungalingani ngokuqondile nokusabela kokubona kwezinto, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo ezicwebezelayo, njengamalaser.
I-Linear Optics (LO)
Ku-LO, ukukhanya kusebenzisana nendaba ngokuqina okuphansi, ngokuvamile okubandakanya i-photon eyodwa nge-athomu ngayinye noma i-molecule. Lokhu kusebenzisana kubangela ukuhlanekezeka okuncane kwesimo se-athomu noma samangqamuzana, okuhlala kusimo saso semvelo, esingaphazanyiswa. Isimiso esiyisisekelo ku-LO ukuthi i-dipole eyenziwa yinkundla kagesi ilingana ngokuqondile namandla enkundla. Ngakho-ke, i-LO yenelisa izimiso ze-superposition kanye nokwengeza. Umgomo we-superposition uthi lapho uhlelo lungaphansi kwamagagasi kagesi amaningi, impendulo ephelele ilingana nesamba sezimpendulo ngazinye kugagasi ngalinye. Ukwengeza ngokufanayo kubonisa ukuthi impendulo yonke yesistimu ye-optical eyinkimbinkimbi inganqunywa ngokuhlanganisa izimpendulo zezakhi zayo ngazinye. I-Linearity ku-LO isho ukuthi ukuziphatha kokukhanya kuhlala njalo njengoba ukuqina kushintsha - okukhiphayo kuhambisana nokokufaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ku-LO, akukho ukuxubana kwemvamisa, ngakho-ke ukukhanya okudlula ohlelweni olunjalo kugcina imvamisa yayo ngisho noma kungena ukukhulisa noma ukuguqulwa kwesigaba. Izibonelo ze-LO zihlanganisa ukusebenzisana kokukhanya nezinto ezibonakalayo eziyisisekelo ezifana namalensi, izibuko, amapuleti amaza, nama-diffraction gratings.
I-Nonlinear Optics (NLO)
I-NLO ihlukaniswa ngokusabela kwayo okungaqondile ekukhanyeni okuqinile, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo zokuqina okuphezulu lapho okukhiphayo kungahambisani namandla okokufaka. Ku-NLO, ama-photon amaningi asebenzisana nokokusebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa, okuholela ekuxubeni kokukhanya kanye nezinguquko kunkomba ye-refractive. Ngokungafani ne-LO, lapho impatho yokukhanya ihlala ingaguquki kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungakanani, imiphumela engaqondile ibonakala kuphela ekukhanyeni okwedlulele. Ngalokhu kuqina, imithetho evamise ukubusa ukusebenzisana kokukhanya, njengomgomo we-superposition, ayisasebenzi, futhi ngisho ne-vacuum ngokwayo ingase iziphathe ngendlela engaqondile. Ukungaqondile ekusebenzelaneni phakathi kokukhanya nodaba kuvumela ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamafrikhwensi okukhanya ahlukene, okuholela ezimeni ezifana nokukhiqizwa kwe-harmonic, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemvamisa yesamba nomehluko. Ukwengeza, i-nonlinear optics ihlanganisa izinqubo ze-parametric lapho amandla okukhanya asatshalaliswa kabusha ukuze akhiqize amaza amasha, njengoba kubonakala ku-parametric amplification kanye ne-oscillation. Esinye isici esibalulekile ukuzishintsha kwesigaba somuntu siqu, lapho isigaba segagasi lokukhanya sishintshwa ngamandla aso - umphumela odlala indima ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni okubonakalayo.
Ukusebenzisana kwe-Light-matter kuma-optics aqondile futhi angaqondile
Ku-LO, lapho ukukhanya kuhlangana nento ethile, impendulo yento ilingana ngokuqondile nokuqina kokukhanya. Ngokuphambene, i-NLO ihilela izinto ezingaphenduli nje kuphela ekukhanyeni kokukhanya, kodwa futhi nangezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Uma ukukhanya okunamandla aphezulu kushaya into engaqondile, kungaveza imibala emisha noma kuguqule ukukhanya ngezindlela ezingavamile. Isibonelo, ukukhanya okubomvu kungase kuguqulelwe ekukhanyeni okuluhlaza ngenxa yokuthi impendulo yokokusebenza ihilela okungaphezu nje koshintsho olulinganiselwe - kungase kuhlanganise ukuphindaphindeka kabili noma okunye ukusebenzelana okuyinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kuziphatha kuholela kusethi eyinkimbinkimbi yemiphumela yokubona engabonwa ezintweni ezijwayelekile zomugqa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamasu okubona aqondile nangawona
I-LO ihlanganisa ububanzi obubanzi bobuchwepheshe be-optical obusetshenziswa kabanzi, okuhlanganisa amalensi, izibuko, amapuleti amagagasi, nama-diffraction gratings. Ihlinzeka ngohlaka olulula nolusebenzisekayo lokuqonda ukuziphatha kokukhanya kumasistimu amaningi okubona. Amadivayisi afana neziguquli zesigaba kanye nezihlukanisi ze-beam avame ukusetshenziswa ku-LO, futhi inkambu ishintshile kwaze kwaba yilapho amasekethe e-LO athole ukuvelela. Lezi zifunda manje sezibonwa njengamathuluzi anemisebenzi eminingi, nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezindaweni ezifana ne-microwave ne-quantum optical signal processing kanye nezakhiwo zekhompuyutha ezisafufusa ze-bioheuristic. I-NLO yintsha uma kuqhathaniswa futhi isishintshe izinkambu ezahlukahlukene ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zayo ezihlukene. Emkhakheni wezokuxhumana, idlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlelweni ze-fiber optic, ezithinta imikhawulo yokudluliswa kwedatha njengoba amandla e-laser enyuka. Amathuluzi okuhlaziya azuza ku-NLO ngokusebenzisa amasu e-microscope athuthukisiwe njenge-confocal microscopy, enikeza ukucaca okuphezulu, ukuthwebula kwesithombe okwenziwe kwasendaweni. I-NLO iphinde ithuthukise ama-lasers ngokunika amandla ukuthuthukiswa kwama-lasers amasha kanye nokuguqula izakhiwo zokukhanya. Iphinde yathuthukisa amasu e-optical imaging okusetshenziswa kwezemithi ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezifana ne-second-harmonic generation kanye ne-two-photon fluorescence. Ku-biophotonics, i-NLO isiza ukuthwebula izithombe okujulile kwezicubu ezinomonakalo omncane futhi inikeze ilebula ngokungafani kwamakhemikhali e-biochemical. Inkambu inobuchwepheshe obuthuthukile be-terahertz, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza amaphaphu e-terahertz esikhathi esisodwa. Kuma-optics e-quantum, imiphumela engaqondile yenza kube lula ukuxhumana kwe-quantum ngokulungiselela iziguquli zemvamisa nokulingana kwe-photon okuboshwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto eziqanjiwe ze-NLO ekusakazeni kweBrillouin zisize ngokucubungula ama-microwave kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwesigaba sokukhanya. Sekukonke, i-NLO iyaqhubeka nokuphusha imingcele yobuchwepheshe nocwaningo kuzo zonke izigaba ezahlukahlukene.
Ama-optics alayini nangawona kanye nemithelela yawo kubuchwepheshe obuthuthukile
I-Optics idlala indima ebalulekile kukho kokubili izinhlelo zokusebenza zansuku zonke kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe. I-LO ihlinzeka ngesisekelo sezinhlelo eziningi zokubona ezivamile, kuyilapho i-NLO ishayela ukuqamba izinto ezintsha ezindaweni ezifana nezokuxhumana ngocingo, i-microscopy, ubuchwepheshe be-laser, kanye ne-biophotonics. Intuthuko yakamuva ku-NLO, ikakhulukazi njengoba ihlobana nezinto ezinezinhlangothi ezimbili, zithole ukunakwa okukhulu ngenxa yezinhlelo zazo ezingaba khona zezimboni nezesayensi. Ososayensi baphinde bahlole izinto zesimanje ezifana namachashazi e-quantum ngokuhlaziya okulandelanayo kwezakhiwo eziqondile nezingaqondile. Njengoba ucwaningo luthuthuka, ukuqonda okuhlangene kwe-LO ne-NLO kubalulekile ukuze kuqhutshwe imingcele yobuchwepheshe nokwandisa amathuba esayensi yokubona.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-11-2024