Ukubuka konke kwe-optics eqondile nengeyona eqondile

Ukubuka konke kwe-linear optics kanye ne-nonlinear optics

Ngokusekelwe ekusebenzisaneni kokukhanya nezinto, ama-optics angahlukaniswa abe ama-optics aqondile (LO) kanye nama-optics angewona aqondile (NLO). Ama-optics aqondile (LO) ayisisekelo sama-optics akudala, agxile ekusebenzisaneni okuqondile kokukhanya. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-optics angewona aqondile (NLO) ayenzeka lapho amandla okukhanya engalingani ngqo nempendulo yokubona kwezinto, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhanya kakhulu, njengama-laser.

I-Linear Optics (LO)
Ku-LO, ukukhanya kuhlangana nezinto ezikumandla aphansi, ngokuvamile kuhilela i-photon eyodwa nge-athomu noma i-molecule. Lokhu kusebenzisana kuphumela ekuphazamisekeni okuncane kwesimo se-athomu noma sama-molecule, okuhlala esimweni saso semvelo, esingaphazanyiswa. Isimiso esiyisisekelo ku-LO ukuthi i-dipole ebangelwa insimu kagesi ilingana ngqo namandla ensimu. Ngakho-ke, i-LO ihlangabezana nezimiso ze-superposition kanye ne-additivity. Isimiso se-superposition sithi lapho uhlelo lubhekene namagagasi amaningi kagesi, impendulo iyonke ilingana nesamba sezimpendulo ngazinye kugagasi ngalinye. I-additivity ngokufanayo ikhombisa ukuthi impendulo iyonke yesistimu ye-optical eyinkimbinkimbi inganqunywa ngokuhlanganisa izimpendulo zezinto zayo ngazinye. Ukulingana ku-LO kusho ukuthi ukuziphatha kokukhanya kuhlala njalo njengoba amandla eshintsha - umphumela ulingana nokufakwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ku-LO, akukho ukuxubana kwemvamisa, ngakho ukukhanya okudlula ohlelweni olunjalo kugcina imvamisa yalo noma ngabe kuguqulwa i-amplization noma isigaba. Izibonelo ze-LO zifaka phakathi ukusebenzisana kokukhanya nezinto eziyisisekelo ze-optical ezifana namalensi, izibuko, amapuleti amagagasi, kanye nama-diffraction gratings.

I-Nonlinear Optics (NLO)
I-NLO ihlukaniswa ngempendulo yayo engeyona eqondile ekukhanyeni okunamandla, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo zokuqina okuphezulu lapho umphumela ungalingani namandla okufaka. Ku-NLO, ama-photon amaningi asebenzisana nezinto ngesikhathi esisodwa, okuholela ekuxubeni kokukhanya kanye nezinguquko ku-refractive index. Ngokungafani ne-LO, lapho ukuziphatha kokukhanya kuhlala kuhambisana kungakhathaliseki ukuqina, imiphumela engeyona eqondile ibonakala kuphela ekuqineni kokukhanya okukhulu. Kulokhu kunamandla, imithetho evame ukulawula ukusebenzisana kokukhanya, njengomgomo we-superposition, ayisasebenzi, futhi ngisho ne-vacuum ngokwayo ingase iphathe ngendlela engeyona eqondile. Ukungalingani ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kokukhanya nezinto ezidaliwe kuvumela ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamaza okukhanya ahlukene, okuholela ezimweni ezifana nokukhiqizwa kwe-harmonic, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamaza okuphindaphinda kanye nomehluko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-optics angeyona eqondile afaka izinqubo ze-parametric lapho amandla okukhanya esatshalaliswa khona kabusha ukuze kukhiqizwe amaza amasha, njengoba kubonakala ekukhuliseni kwe-parametric kanye ne-oscillation. Esinye isici esibalulekile ukuguqulwa kwesigaba esizimele, lapho isigaba segagasi lokukhanya sishintshwa ukuqina kwaso - umphumela odlala indima ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni kwe-optical.

Ukusebenzisana kwezinto ezikhanyayo kuma-optics aqondile nangaphandle kwawo
Ku-LO, lapho ukukhanya kuhlangana nezinto, impendulo yezinto ihambelana ngqo namandla okukhanya. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-NLO ihilela izinto ezingaphenduli nje kuphela emandleni okukhanya, kodwa futhi ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Lapho ukukhanya okunamandla aphezulu kushaya into engeyona eqondile, kungakhiqiza imibala emisha noma kushintshe ukukhanya ngezindlela ezingavamile. Isibonelo, ukukhanya okubomvu kungaguqulwa kube ukukhanya okuluhlaza ngoba impendulo yezinto ihilela okungaphezu nje kokushintsha okulingana - kungafaka phakathi ukuphindaphindwa kwemvamisa noma okunye ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kuziphatha kuholela kusethi eyinkimbinkimbi yemiphumela yokukhanya engabonakali ezintweni ezijwayelekile eziqondile.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamasu okukhanya aqondile nangaphandle komugqa
I-LO ihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuningi bokukhanya obusetshenziswa kabanzi, okuhlanganisa amalensi, izibuko, ama-wave plate, kanye nama-diffraction gratings. Ihlinzeka ngohlaka olulula nolukwazi ukubalwa lokuqonda ukuziphatha kokukhanya ezinhlelweni eziningi zokukhanya. Amadivayisi afana nama-phase shifters kanye nama-beam splitters avame ukusetshenziswa ku-LO, futhi insimu ithuthuke yaze yafika lapho ama-LO circuits esethole khona ukuvelela. Lawa ma-circuits manje abhekwa njengamathuluzi asebenza ngezindlela eziningi, anezinhlelo zokusebenza ezindaweni ezifana ne-microwave kanye ne-quantum optical signal processing kanye ne-emerging bioheuristic computing architectures. I-NLO intsha kakhulu futhi ishintshe amasimu ahlukahlukene ngezinhlelo zayo ezahlukahlukene. Emkhakheni wezokuxhumana, idlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlelweni ze-fiber optic, ithinta imikhawulo yokudlulisa idatha njengoba amandla e-laser enyuka. Amathuluzi okuhlaziya ayazuza ku-NLO ngamasu athuthukile e-microscopy njenge-confocal microscopy, enikeza izithombe ze-high-resolution, zendawo. I-NLO iphinde ithuthukise ama-laser ngokuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwama-laser amasha nokushintsha izakhiwo ze-optical. Iphinde yathuthukisa amasu e-optical imaging okusetshenziswa kwemithi ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezifana ne-second-harmonic generation kanye ne-two-photon fluorescence. Ku-biophotonics, i-NLO yenza kube lula ukuthwebula izithombe ezijulile zezicubu ngomonakalo omncane futhi ihlinzeka ngokuqhathanisa kwamakhemikhali amahhala. Le nsimu inobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe be-terahertz, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza ama-pulse e-terahertz e-single-period aqinile. Ku-quantum optics, imiphumela engeyona eqondile yenza kube lula ukuxhumana kwe-quantum ngokulungiselela ama-frequency converters kanye nama-photon equivalents ahlanganisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwe-NLO ekusakazeni kwe-Brillouin kusize ekucutshungulweni kwe-microwave kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwesigaba sokukhanya. Sekukonke, i-NLO iyaqhubeka nokucindezela imingcele yobuchwepheshe kanye nocwaningo kuzo zonke izigaba ezahlukene.

I-Optics eqondile nengeyona eqondile kanye nemiphumela yayo kubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe
Ama-Optics adlala indima ebalulekile kokubili ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe. I-LO inikeza isisekelo sezinhlelo eziningi ezivamile ze-optical, kuyilapho i-NLO iqhuba ukusungula izinto ezintsha ezindaweni ezifana nokuxhumana ngocingo, i-microscopy, ubuchwepheshe be-laser, kanye ne-biophotonics. Intuthuko yakamuva ku-NLO, ikakhulukazi njengoba ihlobene nezinto ezinezinhlangothi ezimbili, ithole ukunakwa okukhulu ngenxa yezicelo zayo zezimboni nezesayensi ezingaba khona. Ososayensi bahlola nezinto zesimanje ezifana namachashazi e-quantum ngokuhlaziywa okulandelanayo kwezakhiwo eziqondile nezingezona eziqondile. Njengoba ucwaningo luthuthuka, ukuqonda okuhlangene kwe-LO kanye ne-NLO kubalulekile ekusunduzeni imingcele yobuchwepheshe kanye nokwandisa amathuba esayensi ye-optical.